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32nd International Conference on Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, will be organized around the theme “{CME CPD Credits Available} Innovations in Cardiology for a Global Heartbeat”

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Cardiovascular diseases: Cardiovascular diseases involve the heart and blood vessels. Now it is the common cause of death. Age, sex, tobacco use, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity are factors of heart diseases. Heart attacks and strokes are mainly caused by blood vessel blockage that stops blood from flowing to the heart or brain. Symptoms include: chest pain, discomfort on arms, left shoulder, elbows, jaw or back, difficulties in breathing, feeling sick or vomiting. People facing these symptoms should look for medical care immediately.

Some of the cardiovascular diseases

  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertensive heart disease
  • Heart failure
  • Pulmonary heart disease
  • Cardiac dysrhythmias
  • Endocarditis-inflammation
  • Myocarditis
  • Valvular heart disease
  • Rheumatic heart disease
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Peripheral arterial disease
  • Aortic aneurysm

Echocardiography

An echocardiography is a test that uses high frequency sound waves to produce live images of heart to see structure of heart and to evaluate heart functions. The image is called an echocardiogram. It has no side effects. Echocardiography helps doctor to find out.

  • The size and shape of heart, thickness and movement of heart’s wall.
  • How heart moves
  • The heart’s pumping strength.
  • If the heart values are working correctly.
  • If blood is leaking backwards through heart values.
  • If the heart values are too narrow
  • If there is a tumor or infectious growth around heart values

Cardiac CT

Cardiac CT is also known as computed tomography of heart and is performed to know about cardiac anatomy to diagnose coronary artery disease, to check patency of coronary artery bypass grafts or to assess volume try and cardiac function.

MRI

MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create images of organs and tissues with the body. MRI scan varies from CT scans and X-rays as it does not involve use of potentially harmful ionizing radiations.

Heart failure

Heart failure is the heart’s inability to pump an adequate flow of blood to the body. All major body functions are disrupted without sufficient blood flow. Heat failure can affect the left side or right side of heart or both at the same time.

Types of heart failure

  • Right sided heart failure
  • Left sided heart failure
  • Diastolic heart failure
  • Systolic heart failure

Myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction is also known as heart attack. It occurs when blood flow stops or decreases to a part of the heart and causes damage to the heart muscle. Discomfort or pain in chest is the most common symptom which may extend into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw.

Classification of Myocardial infarction

  • Spontaneous MI related to plaque erosion, rupture fissuring, or dissection
  • MI related to ischemia
  • Sudden unexpected cardiac arrest or death
  • Associated with coronary angioplasty or stents
  • Associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
  • Associated with stent thrombosis as known by angiography or at autopsy
  • Associated with CABG
  • Related to spontaneous coronary artery dissection

Pediatric Cardiovascular Disease

Pediatric heart disease describes different heart conditions in children. Pediatric heart disease refers to a problem that causes a change in blood flow through the heart in children. Pediatric Cardiovascular Disease is the most common birth defect.

  • Developmental delays and disorders
  • Behavioral problems
  • Functional disabilities
  • Social stresses
  • Mental disorders including depression and anxiety disorders

Congenital Cardiovascular Disease

Congenital cardiovascular disease is also known as congenital heart disease (CHDs) and constitutes most common type of birth defects. As advanced medical care and treatment, babies with a CHD are living longer and healthier lives. CHDs are present at birth and affect the structure of a baby’s heart. CHDs range from small hole in the heart to missing or poorly developed parts of the heart.

  • Different types of CHDs
  • Atrial Septal Defect
  • Atrioventricular Septal Defect
  • Coarctation of the Aorta
  • Double-outlet Right Ventricle
  • Ebstein Anomaly
  • Interrupted Aortic Arch
  • Single Ventricle
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Tricuspid Atresia

Cardiovascular pharmacology

Cardiovascular pharmacology involves drugs that are used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Many medications are used to treat various heart conditions. Some examples of the drugs used as cardiovascular medicine include:

  • Anticoagulants or blood thinners
  • Antiplatelet agents
  • Thrombolytic agents
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
  • Diuretics
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Vasodilators
  • Digoxin

Cardiac Nursing

Cardiac nursing refers cares for patients who suffer from numerous conditions of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac nurses play a major role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular conditions by working with patients experiencing heart attacks, angina, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and other conditions.

Acute cardiac care

This involves the emergency management of heart attacks and immediate management of other cardiac conditions, including heart arrhythmias and heart failure.

Chronic cardiac care

This involves the management of the long term and chronic cardiac conditions The most common symptoms of Chronic cardiac disease are chest pains and a heart attack. Other symptoms include palpitations and unusual breathlessness. In several cases people may not show any symptoms before they are diagnosed.

Arrhythmia

Arrhythmias occur when the electrical impulses that inter-relate heart rhythm do not travel normally. It causes the heart beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm. Most arrhythmias are harmless, some are serious or even life threatening. When a heartbeat is too fast, too slow or irregular, the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to the body.

Treatments for heart arrhythmia include

  • Electrophysiology procedures (EP study, mapping, ablation)
  • Cardioversion
  • Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
  • Medical Management
  • Pacemaker Implantation
  • Transesophageal Echocardiogram
  • Heart Surgery

Cardiac problems during pregnancies include symptoms like fatigue, chest pain, and shortness of breath, fainting, difficulty breathing while sleeping. Fainting occurs due to blood pressure and volume changes in pregnancy.

Common heart problems that affect women include

  • Shunt lesions
  • Obstructive Lesions
  • Complex lesions
  • Cyanotic heart disease

Cardio-Oncology

Cardio-oncology is a study of cardiology that involves on the monitoring, detection and treatment of cardiovascular disease resulting as a side effect of chemotherapy and radiology. A number of cardiologists treat and manage patients with heart disease and cancer.

Nuclear Cardiology

Nuclear Cardiology studies use autoimmune techniques to evaluate myocardial blood flow, the pumping function of the heart as well as envision the size and location of a heart attack. Among all the techniques of nuclear cardiology, myocardial perfusion imaging is the mostly used.

Types of Nuclear Cardiology Tests

  • Cardiac SPECT
  • Cardiac PET-CT

Cardiovascular Imaging: Cardiac imaging is a diagnostic radiology that uses medical images to diagnose cardiovascular diseases and to detect the defects in the size and shape of the heart. It is used to diagnose many diseases including.

  • Coronary heart disease
  • Heart failure or valve problems
  • Damage caused by a heart attack
  • Congenital heart defects
  • Pericarditis
  • Cardiac tumors

Image Analysis

Image analysis includes processing an image into fundamental components to remove important information. Image analysis involves tasks such as finding shapes, removing noise, counting objects, detecting edges and calculating statistics for texture analysis or image quality. Methods used for image processing are.

  • Analogue image processing
  • digital image processing

Arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis refers to condition where blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from heart to the rest of body become thick and stiff restricting the blood flow to organs and tissues. This damage permits a collection of substances, known as plaque that builds up in the artery wall. These substances involve fat and cholesterol.

There are 5 stages of atherosclerosis

  • Endothelial dysfunction
  • Lipid layer formation
  • Leukocytes and smooth muscle cells migration into the vessel wall
  • Foam cell formation
  • Degradation of extracellular matrix

Thrombosis

Thrombosis involves the formation of a blood clot formed in a blood vessel known as a thrombus. This clot block or obstruct blood flow in the affected area, and cause serious complications if this clot moves to an essential part of the circulatory system, such as the brain or the lungs.

There are 2 main types of thrombosis

  • Venous thrombosis refers to the blood clot that blocks a vein.
  • Arterial thrombosis refers to the blood clot that blocks an artery

Vascular Biology

Vascular biology is the study of the biology of the constituent cells of the vascular wall. It includes the heart and blood vessels. The blood vessels comprise arteries that transport blood from your heart to the rest of body, and veins that return the blood from all parts of the body to your heart. Blood vessels are made up of three layers.

  • The inner layer called as intima is lined by specialized cells called endothelial cells. It prevents the vessels from clotting.
  • The middle layer called media is composed of muscle cells, and allows the vessels to expand and contract.
  • The outer layer called adventitia offers strength so that the blood vessels do not burst under pressure.

Cerebral Blood Flow

CBF is explained as the blood volume that flows per unit mass per unit time in brain tissue and is typically indicates in units of ml blood. Direct methods for calculating CBF in human subjects include single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), MRI with contrast agents, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI.

CBF is controlled by four major mechanisms

  • Metabolic control (or 'metabolic autoregulation')
  • Pressure autoregulation
  • Chemical control (by arterial pCO2 and pO2)
  • Neural control

Metabolism

Metabolism is used to express all chemical reactions included in continuing the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be efficiently divided into two categories: Catabolism and Anabolism. Catabolism refers to the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy and Anabolism refers to the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells.

Resuscitation

Resuscitation is the process of improving physiological disorders (such as lack of breathing or heartbeat) in a patient. It is a very important part of intensive care medicine, trauma surgery and emergency medicine. Examples are cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

CPR Techniques

  • High-Frequency Chest Compressions.
  • Open-Chest CPR.
  • Interposed Abdominal Compression-CPR
  • “Cough” CPR
  • Prone CPR
  • Precordial Thump
  • Percussion Pacing

Emergency infusions

Emergency infusion is the process of injecting directly into the bone marrow which produces a non-collapsible entry point into the systemic venous system. This technique defines to allow fluids and medication when intravenous access is not accessible.

Infusion Drugs & Types of Infusions

  • Antibiotics
  • Biologics
  • Chemotherapy
  • Fluids
  • Heart pumps medication
  • Hemophilia factor therapy
  • Intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG)
  • Pain management

Stroke interventions

A stroke arises when blood supply to part of brain is reduced. It blocks brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. A stroke is a medical emergency and the treatment is crucial. Early action decreases brain damage and other complications.

Signs and symptoms of stroke include

  • Difficulty in speaking and understanding
  • Numbness
  • Problems seeing in one or both eyes
  • Headache
  • Difficulty in walking

Carotid Stenting

Carotid stenting refers to a procedure in which a heart surgeon inserts a stent, a slim, metal-mesh tube that expands inside the lumen of carotid artery to widen the artery as a result improving the blood flow in areas blocked by plaque.

Carotid artery stenting is an endovascular procedure where a stent is inserted into the lumen of the carotid artery to widen the blocked and narrowing carotid artery and decrease the risk of stroke.

Thoracic Surgery

Thoracic surgery indicates the operations on organs in the chest, including the heart, lungs and esophagus. Thoracic surgeries cover coronary artery bypass surgery, heart transplant, lung transplant and removal of the lung affected by cancer.

Types of Thoracoscopic Surgery Procedures

  • Video-Assisted Lobectomy
  • Wedge Resection
  • Lung Biopsy
  • Drainage of Pleural Effusions
  • Mediastinal, Pericardial, and Thymus Thoracoscopic procedures

Cardiovascular Surgery

Cardiovascular surgery defined as heart surgery. It relates surgical procedure which includes the heart, or the blood vessels that carry blood to heart.

Types of heart surgery

  • Coronary artery bypass grafting
  • Heart valve repair or replacement
  • Pacemaker Insertion or cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
  • Maze surgery
  • Aneurysm repair
  • Heart transplant
  • Ventricular assist device (VAD) or total artificial heart (TAH) insertion

Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

Cardiac rehabilitation defined as exercise training, education and emotional support about lifestyle changes to decrease heart disease risk, like healthy eating and healthy dieting, maintaining a healthy weight and quitting smoking.

The Four Phases of Cardiac Rehabilitation

  • The Acute Phase of Cardiac Rehabilitation.
  • Outpatient Rehabilitation Program.
  • Independent Ongoing Maintenance

Cardiopulmonary Disease prevention

Cardiopulmonary Disease prevention defines as the prevention of lungs and heart diseases. Some of the following controllable risk factors for heart disease.

  • High cholesterol (low HDL)
  • Hypertension
  • Obesity
  • Smoking (with a current plan to quit)
  • Diabetes

Genetics of Heart Disease

Genetics can direct the risk for heart disease. Genes control every detail of the cardiovascular system, from the strength of the blood vessels to the cells in the heart. Genetic mutations in a single gene influence the likelihood of developing heart disease.

There are three Common Inherited Heart Diseases

  • Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
  • Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  • Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Vascular Disease

Vascular disease affects the blood vessels. As heart beats, it pumps blood with oxygen and nutrients to feed tissues and it carry off waste.

Types of Vascular Disease

  • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Carotid Artery Disease/Carotid Artery Stenosis
  • Chronic Venous Insufficiency
  • Intermittent Claudication
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis

The term" acute coronary pattern" is used to describe a variety of conditions where there has been an unforeseen drop in heart blood inflow.

Frequently, acute coronary pattern causes violent casket pain or discomfort. It's a medical exigency that must be honored and attended to incontinently. Among the pretensions of treatment include enhancing blood inflow, controlling complications, and precluding further problems.

Symptoms

  • Angina, or discomfort in the casket, which is constantly described as aching, pressure, miserliness, or burning
  • Casket pain moving to the arms, shoulders, upper tummy, back, neck, or jaw
  • Nausea or diarrhea
  • Indigestion
  • Dyspnea, a briefness of breath
  • Whenever to visit a croaker

In addition to performing a physical examination, your doctor will inquire about your personal and family medical history.

Heart disease is diagnosed using a variety of tests. A chest X-ray and blood tests are not the only ways to diagnose heart disease.

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). The electrical signals in the heart are captured by an ECG, which is a rapid and painless examination. If the heart is beating too quickly or too slowly, it can detect this.
  • Holter surveillance. A portable ECG device called a Holter monitor is worn for a day or longer to record the heart's activity during normal activities. This examination can find abnormal heartbeats that are missed by a standard ECG.
  • Echocardiogram. In this non-invasive examination, sound waves are used to provide precise photographs of the beating heart. It demonstrates how the heart's valves and blood flow through the heart. If a valve is constricted or leaking, an echocardiography might assist identify it.
  • Stress testing or exercise tests. These tests frequently entail using a treadmill or a stationary cycle while the heart rate is being tracked. Exercise tests can assist determine how the heart responds to exercise and whether exercising causes heart disease symptoms. You can be prescribed drugs if you are unable to exercise.
  • Catheterization of the heart. This examination can reveal cardiac artery obstructions. The heart is reached by inserting a long, thin, flexible tube (catheter) into a blood artery, typically in the groin or wrist. To reach the heart's arteries, dye passes through the catheter. During the exam, the dye makes the arteries more visible on X-ray images.
  • Cardiothoracic CT scan. You recline on a table within a doughnut-shaped machine for a heart CT scan. The machine's internal X-ray tube spins around your body while taking pictures of your chest and heart.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart. A magnetic field and radio waves produced by a computer are used in a cardiac MRI to produce precise images of the heart.

Invasive Cardiology

Invasive surgery is used in invasive cardiology to diagnose electrical deformations or cure structural issues with the heart. Your highways get blocked with shrine, making it delicate for blood to circulate rightly. With angioplasty, a bitsy balloon is fitted into your blocked tone to push shrine up against the tone's walls and increase blood inflow. Angioplasty is constantly combined with stenting. A cardiac stent is a small essence coil that keeps a blocked tone open permanently.

  • Angioplasty
  • Stenting

Non-Invasive Cardiology

Non-invasive cardiology doesn't bear the insertion of any fluids, needles, or other tools into the body to diagnose heart abnormalities. Nuclear cardiology is an on-invasive field of study that examines circulatory problems using a variety of imaging ways that may contain radioactive accoutrements. An echocardiograph uses ultrasound swells to produce images of the heart and conterminous structures in order to descry infections, structural abnormalities, and how well the heart pumps blood. The study and disquisition of the electrical currents that beget jiffs is known as cardiac electrophysiology. Exercise is generally a part of stress tests, and our cardiologist monitors it.

  • Electrophysiology of the heart
  • Pressure tests
  • CT reviews and heart monitoring

Rotundity

Rotundity has a number of mischievous impacts on the cardiovascular system. Habitual body fat accumulation results in multitudinous metabolic changes that affect both the systems that regulate inflammation and the congruity of CVD threat factors. Further intermediate threat factors that are affected by rotundity include dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose dogmatism, a seditious state, obstructive sleep apnea/ hypoventilation, and a prothrombotic condition, as well as numerous other likely unidentified processes.

  • The peril of heart stroke is especially further for these people Correlation of rotundity and heart
  • Rotundity and hypertension
  • Rotundity and coronary heart complaint
  • Rotundity and heart failure
  • Rotundity and atrial fibrillation
  • Rotundity and aggrandize
  • Rotundity and ventricular arrhythmias
  • Rotundity and sleep apnea
  • Rotundity and venous complaint
  • Polycystic ovary pattern (PCOS)

Neurology and Cardiology

Neurology and cardiology include to the pathophysiological interplays of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. The constant communication between the brain and the heart have proved invaluable to synthesizing fields of neurological and cardiac diseases. The neuro-cardiac alliances the link to many problems regarding the physiological functions of the body.

This includes

  • Stress
  • Arrhythmias
  • Stroke
  • Epilepsy

Cardiovascular pharmacology

Cardiovascular pharmacology involves drugs that are used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Many medications are used to treat various heart conditions. Some examples of the drugs used as cardiovascular medicine include:

  • Anticoagulants or blood thinners
  • Antiplatelet agents
  • Thrombolytic agents
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
  • Diuretics
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Vasodilators
  • Digoxin

The Molecular Cardiology involves the study of the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular biology and human cardiovascular diseases. It focuses on discovering novel pathways that modulate cardiac hypertrophy, aging and metabolic diseases with specific attention to interpreting bench findings to new bedside approaches and strategies.

Cellular cardiology

Heart failure is the chief cause of mortality worldwide. Cardiac remodeling is the adaptive mechanism that causes ventricular dysfunction. In present article the authors explain the elements of the human heart and their examination of basic functions and their inter-communication under both normal and pathological circumstances.

Lipidology

Lipidology is the study of cholesterol. It finds particular treatments for high cholesterol and other lipid disorders. A lipidologist researches lipids and lipoprotein metabolism in the body and directs to find ways of decreasing mortality rates related with high cholesterol. This is a expanding area of ability due to the increase in cholesterol-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease.

Lipid disorders include

  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Hyperglyceridemia
  • Hypertriglyceridemia
  • Hyperlipoproteinemia
  • Hyperchylomicronemia

Microcirculation

The microcirculation defines as the circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels. The microvasculature present with organ tissues. The micro vessels include terminal arterioles, capillaries, metarterioles and venules.

Three different types of capillaries

  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Discontinuous

Inflammation

Inflammation is defined as a biological response of body to harmful stimuli, such as damaged cells, pathogens, or irritants, and it protects response including immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

Best treatment for inflammation

  • NSAIDs
  • Corticosteroids (such as prednisone)
  • chemotherapy drugs, disease-modifying treatments, biologic therapy, and narcotic pain relievers etc.

Heart Transplantation

A heart Transplantation is a surgical Transplantation procedure performed on cardiac patients with end-stage heart failure or severe heart disease. When other medical or surgical treatments failed, the most common procedure is to take for operating heart, with or without both lungs. When patients suffer from other circulatory conditions related to their heart condition, they are less suitable for a heart transplant.

Cardiovascular Engineering

Cardiovascular engineering involves both the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular engineering research includes the complete biological cardiovascular tissues for regenerative-medicine applications, the study and treatment lymphatic disorders and the study of calcification within the cardiovascular system.

Cardio-vascular technology

Cardiovascular technology describes the diagnosis and treatment of heart-related and blood vessels-related conditions. Cardiac Technology explains how to use imaging technology and perform an ultrasound. Observing heart rates, elucidating procedures to patients and reviewing their files are all essential in cardiovascular technology.

According to Translational research in Cardiology, it is the method of using advanced procedures to promote their importance in fields of cardiovascular disease, diagnosis and treatment to speed up scientific discovery into patient and future community benefit. It addresses critical medical needs. In applied sciences, it is specifically designed to improve health outcomes.

Types of Translational Research.

  • T1 research
  • T2 research
  • T3 research
  • T4 research